This study presents evidence about the direct and indirect economic effects of the rural telecommunications industry. The direct effects consider the industry from the perspective of national income accounting (the approach used to calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measure). The indirect economic effects are not measured in income accounting.

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US President Donald Trump reacts after signing executive orders imposing tariffs on imported goods in the Rose Garden at the White House on April 2, 2025, in Washington, DC. (Andrew Harnik via Getty Images)