Center for Peace and Security in the Middle East

An Israeli flag flies in Munich, Germany, on July 22, 2025. (Getty Images)

Iranians gather while blocking a street during a protest in Tehran, Iran, on January 9, 2026. (Getty Images)

Stacks of Iranian rials and US dollars sit on a table in Tehran, Iran, on August 6, 2025. (Getty Images)

(Screenshot via YouTube)

(Screenshot via YouTube)

A relief on the Arch of Titus depicts sacred objects from the Temple of Jerusalem being carried during a triumphal procession, as seen on December 7, 2017, in Rome, Italy. (Getty Images)

A US flag and an Israeli flag in front of the US Consulate in Frankfurt, Germany, on January 16, 2026. (Getty Images)

(Screenshot via CBS)

Protesters burn an image of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei during a gathering outside the Iranian embassy in central London on January 12, 2026. (Getty Images)

(Screenshot via YouTube)

An anti-Israel and anti-US banner is seen at Palestine Square in Tehran, Iran, on January 4, 2025. (Getty Images)

A protester flashes victory signs as traffic slows during demonstrations in Hamedan, Iran, on January 1, 2026. The demonstrations erupted after shopkeepers in Tehran’s Grand Bazaar shut their businesses to protest the sharp fall of Iran’s currency and worsening economic conditions. (Getty Images)