Arms Control and Nonproliferation

Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned that Moscow might use nuclear weapons if the West attacks Russian territory. (PHOTO: GAVRIIL GRIGOROV/KREMLIN/ASSOCIATED PRESS)

A picture taken on November 10, 2019, shows an Iranian flag in Iran's Bushehr nuclear power plant, during an official ceremony to kick-start works on a second reactor at the facility. Bushehr is Iran's only nuclear power station and is currently running on imported fuel from Russia that is closely monitored by the UN's International Atomic Energy Agency. (Photo by ATTA KENARE/AFP via Getty Images)

An F-35B Lightning II lands on the flight deck aboard amphibious assault carrier USS Tripoli in the Philippine Sea on September 12, 2022. (US Navy Photo by Malcolm Kelley)

Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in Ilam on May 3, 2017. (Wikimedia Commons)

An RT-2PM2 intercontinental ballistic missile on display at Army Expo 2022 in Moscow's Patriot Park on August 20, 2022. (Washington Post via Getty Images)

The manned Shenzhou-12 spacecraft onboard the Long March-2F rocket launches at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on June 17, 2021, in Jiuquan, Gansu province, China. (Kevin Frayer/Getty Images)

An Iranian boy in an IRGC uniform waves a flag in front of two ballistic missiles during a rally in Tehran on February 10, 2022. (Morteza Nikoubazl/NurPhoto via Getty Images)

Vladimir Putin, together with Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu and First Deputy Defence Minister Valery Gerasimov, observed the main stage of the Vostok-2022 strategic command post exercise at the Sergeyevsky range in the Primorye Territory. (Kremlin)

US officials including John Kerry and Robert Malley negotiate terms of a nuclear nonproliferation agreement with the leaders of Iran's nuclear program in Lausanne, Switzerland, on March 19, 2015. (State Department)